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Ph.D. Career Paths

References

Endnotes:

  1. W. Massy and C. Goldman , The Production and Utilization of Science and Engineering Doctorates in the United States (Stanford Institute for Higher Education, 1995).
  2. R.  Keith Wilkinson, "For 1993, Doctoral Scientists & Engineers Report 1.6 Percent Unemployment Rate But 4.3 Percent Underemployment," Science Resources Studies Division Data Brief National Science Foundation 1995, no. 5 (1995).
  3. Reported by the American Mathematical Society, American Institute of Physics, American Chemical Society.
  4. The term "underemployment" as used in this document, is not intended to reflect a negative value judgment, rather the term is used to group three employment types: temporary employment, part-time employment and employment unrelated to the Ph.D. The NSF also uses the term "underemployment" to refer to similar employment classifications (see source for footnote 2).
  5. Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology, Postdocs and Career Prospects: A Status Report, (CPST, 1997).
  6. National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 1996, Detailed Statistical Tables, NSF 97-329, by Susan T. Hill (Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 1997).
  7. Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) of the National Academy of Sciences, The National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine, 1995. Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers, (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995).
  8. See note #5.
  9. Peter H. Henderson, Julie E. Clarke, and Cynthia Woods. Summary Report 1996: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities, (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998).
  10. National Center for Education Statistics, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, Retirement and Other Departure Plans of Instructional Faculty and Staff in Higher Education Institutions, (National Center for Education Statistics, 1997).
  11. In 1994, the Carnegie Foundation updated its classification of institutions of higher education, which was last published in 1987. The classification includes all colleges and universities in the United States that are degree-granting and accredited by an agency recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education. Since 1987, the number of institutions included in the classification has grown from 3,389 to 3,600. Institutions are classified according to the highest level of degree they award, the number of degrees conferred by discipline, and, in some cases, the amount of federal research support they receive and the selectivity of their admissions. A listing of institutions by Carnegie classification may be found on the Web at http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/Classification/.
  12. Carolyn F. Shettle, "S&E Ph.D. Unemployment Trends: Cause for Alarm?," Division of Science Resources Studies Issue Brief National Science Foundation Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences NSF 97-318 (1997).
  13. Keith Wilkinson, "Number of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers Grows by 6 Percent Between 1993 and 1995," Science Resources Studies Division Data Brief National Science Foundation 1997, no. 3 (1997).
  14. See note #5.
  15. Mark Regets, "Employment Picture for Ph.D.s: 1995 NSF Data on Labor-Market Conditions for New Ph.D. Recipients," Next Wave, 1997.
  16. Kenneth M. Brown, Report of the AdHoc Working Group on the Supply of Science, Engineering and Mathematics (SEM) Professionals, (Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET), 1993).
  17. Geoff Davis, "Employment Picture for New Ph.D.s: Rationalizing Ph.D. Productions," Next Wave, 1997.
  18. Roger Geiger, "Doctoral Education: The Short-Term Crisis Vs. Long-Term Challenger," The Review of Higher Education 20, no. 3 (1997): 239-251.

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